Sources & data

Regional bus network across the Algarve. Supports: Bus coverage between coastal towns; Links from stations to beaches. Consulted 2026-08-30; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Historical Weather API — an aggregator of reanalysis datasets (ERA5 and similar), data licensed CC BY 4.0. Supports: Historical monthly temperature, rainfall, sunshine and daylight statistics derived from reanalysis. Consulted 2026-08-30.

IPMA — Portuguese climate normals and warnings. Supports: Regional climate character; Coastal wind and sea conditions. Consulted 2026-08-30.

INE — tourism: guest nights by month and region. Supports: Where monthly visitor volumes for Portuguese regions can be checked. Consulted 2026-08-30; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Visit Algarve — official regional tourism information. Supports: Coastal sub-regions; Beach access and coastal paths. Consulted 2026-08-30.

CP — national and regional rail services. Supports: Algarve coastal rail line; Lisbon regional lines to Sintra and Cascais. Consulted 2026-08-30; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

ICNF — Ria Formosa Natural Park. Supports: Ria Formosa protection status; Barrier-island access by boat. Consulted 2026-08-30.

National road network, works and electronic tolling. Supports: Motorway and national road structure along the coast; Electronic tolling on the Algarve motorway. Consulted 2026-09-05; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

ICNF — Parque Natural do Sudoeste Alentejano e Costa Vicentina. Supports: Protection status of the west coast; Why the western beaches are undeveloped. Consulted 2026-09-05.

Rota Vicentina — waymarked coastal and historical walking routes. Supports: Waymarked long-distance route along the west coast; Stage structure and path conditions. Consulted 2026-09-05; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Faro Airport — official airport information. Supports: Single regional arrival point; Airport transfer structure. Consulted 2026-08-30; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Circumvesuviana regional rail serving Sorrento and the Naples approaches. Supports: Rail access towards the coast; Station facilities and step access. Consulted 2026-08-30; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Historical Weather API — an aggregator of reanalysis datasets (ERA5 and similar), data licensed CC BY 4.0. Supports: Historical monthly temperature, rainfall, sunshine and daylight statistics derived from reanalysis. Consulted 2026-08-30.

Costiera Amalfitana (World Heritage List 830). Supports: Cultural-landscape status; Terraced settlement pattern. Consulted 2026-08-30.

SITA Sud — regional bus services in Campania. Supports: Coast road bus network; Car-free feasibility along the SS163. Consulted 2026-08-30; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Travelmar — Amalfi Coast passenger ferries. Supports: Seasonal ferry links between coast towns; Sea alternative to the coast road. Consulted 2026-08-30; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Trenitalia — national rail network. Supports: Rail approach to Salerno and Naples; Onward transfer structure. Consulted 2026-08-30; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

ISTAT — tourism statistics. Supports: Where monthly visitor volumes for Italian regions can be checked. Consulted 2026-08-30; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

State road SS163 Amalfitana — works, closures and traffic measures. Supports: That the coast road is a single state road whose closures and works are published by the national road operator; Where current restrictions on the Amalfitana are announced. Consulted 2026-09-05; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

The regional park behind the coast, and its path network. Supports: That the ridge and terrace paths above the towns lie inside a regional park with its own management; Where path conditions and closures behind the coast are published. Consulted 2026-09-05.

Municipal notices: harbour, parking and seasonal traffic rules in Amalfi. Supports: That parking, harbour use and seasonal vehicle rules on the coast are set municipality by municipality; Where the town's own notices for arrivals by car and boat are published. Consulted 2026-09-05; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Historical Weather API — an aggregator of reanalysis datasets (ERA5 and similar), data licensed CC BY 4.0. Supports: Historical monthly temperature, rainfall, sunshine and daylight statistics derived from reanalysis. Consulted 2026-08-30.

Official Amsterdam visitor information, museum booking and city passes. Supports: Timed museum entry; Opening arrangements. Consulted 2026-09-05; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

National collection: timed entry and visiting arrangements. Supports: Timed entry; Peak-hour behaviour. Consulted 2026-09-05; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Seasonal bulb garden: opening season and access. Supports: Bulb-season window; Day-trip access. Consulted 2026-09-05; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Amsterdam metro, tram, bus and ferry network. Supports: City transport coverage; Tram and ferry structure. Consulted 2026-08-30; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

National rail network serving Amsterdam and the day-trip towns. Supports: Rail day-trip structure; Airport rail link. Consulted 2026-08-30; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Amsterdam Schiphol airport. Supports: Single-airport arrival with direct rail; Traffic statistics. Consulted 2026-08-30; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute. Supports: Forecasts and warnings; Wind and rain climatology. Consulted 2026-08-30; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Netherlands tourism and accommodation statistics. Supports: Seasonal accommodation pressure; Arrivals by month. Consulted 2026-08-30.

City policy on visitor pressure, accommodation and the historic centre. Supports: Visitor management policy; Centre access and cycling rules. Consulted 2026-08-30; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Historical Weather API — an aggregator of reanalysis datasets (ERA5 and similar), data licensed CC BY 4.0. Supports: Historical monthly temperature, rainfall, sunshine and daylight statistics derived from reanalysis. Consulted 2026-08-30.

Bali's single international airport. Supports: Single-airport arrival in the south; Traffic information. Consulted 2026-08-30; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Indonesian agency for meteorology, climatology and geophysics. Supports: Monsoon season structure; Warnings and marine forecasts. Consulted 2026-08-30; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Provincial tourism and accommodation statistics for Bali. Supports: Monthly foreign arrivals; Seasonal accommodation pressure. Consulted 2026-08-30.

Provincial rules affecting visitors, transport and temple conduct. Supports: Visitor levy and conduct rules; Road and transport policy. Consulted 2026-08-30; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Ferry link between Bali and Java at Gilimanuk–Ketapang. Supports: Ferry connection off the island; Vehicle crossing structure. Consulted 2026-08-30; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Official activity levels and access recommendations for Indonesian volcanoes. Supports: Volcano alert levels; Exclusion-zone recommendations. Consulted 2026-09-05; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

National tourism policy, visitor conduct guidance and destination information. Supports: Visitor conduct guidance; Destination policy. Consulted 2026-09-05; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Historical Weather API — an aggregator of reanalysis datasets (ERA5 and similar), data licensed CC BY 4.0. Supports: Historical monthly temperature, rainfall, sunshine and daylight statistics derived from reanalysis. Consulted 2026-08-30.

Bus rapid transit and city bus network in Cape Town. Supports: Where scheduled city transport reaches; Airport bus link. Consulted 2026-08-30; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Cape Town International Airport. Supports: Long-haul arrival structure; Traffic statistics. Consulted 2026-08-30; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Park access, trail and safety information for Table Mountain. Supports: Trail and access regulation; Weather-driven closures. Consulted 2026-08-30; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

National meteorological service for South Africa. Supports: Wind and rainfall structure; Warnings. Consulted 2026-08-30; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Tourism and accommodation statistics for South Africa. Supports: Seasonal accommodation pressure; Arrivals by month. Consulted 2026-08-30.

Official destination authority for Cape Town and the Western Cape. Supports: Area and route information; Seasonal demand information. Consulted 2026-08-30; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Operator of the cableway to the Table Mountain plateau. Supports: Wind-driven suspension of the cableway; Whether the plateau is reachable without walking. Consulted 2026-09-05; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Suburban rail operator for the Cape Town commuter network. Supports: Which suburban rail lines are in service; Rail access along the False Bay coast. Consulted 2026-09-05; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Provincial conservation authority for the Western Cape reserves. Supports: Reserve access and permits outside the national park; Fire-season closures. Consulted 2026-09-05; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

City of Copenhagen cycling infrastructure and bicycle account reporting. Supports: Extent of separated cycle infrastructure; Municipal cycling policy. Consulted 2026-08-30.

Historical Weather API — an aggregator of reanalysis datasets (ERA5 and similar), data licensed CC BY 4.0. Supports: Historical monthly temperature, rainfall, sunshine and daylight statistics derived from reanalysis. Consulted 2026-08-30.

Visit Copenhagen — official city tourism information. Supports: Harbour bathing sites; District character; Seasonal city events. Consulted 2026-08-30.

DOT — joint public transport information for eastern Denmark. Supports: Metro, S-train and bus integration; Reaching coastal galleries and Malmö. Consulted 2026-08-30; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Copenhagen Airport — official airport information. Supports: Airport-to-city rail and metro connection. Consulted 2026-08-30; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

DMI — Danish climate normals. Supports: Daylight and summer temperature character; Harbour water temperature context. Consulted 2026-08-30.

City of Copenhagen — harbour bathing sites and bathing water quality. Supports: Designated harbour baths; Bathing water management; Seasonal opening. Consulted 2026-09-06; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Danish national rail: regional services from Copenhagen across Zealand. Supports: Regional day-trip structure; Coast line and Sweden services. Consulted 2026-09-06; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Coastal modern art museum: location, opening days and rail access. Supports: Day-trip anchor north of the city; Opening arrangements. Consulted 2026-09-06; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Statistics Denmark — overnight stays by month. Supports: Where monthly visitor volumes for Copenhagen can be checked. Consulted 2026-08-30; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Intercity bus network for western Crete. Supports: Bus coverage in western Crete; North-coast corridor services. Consulted 2026-08-30; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Ferry services along the roadless south-west coast of Crete. Supports: Boat links to settlements with no road; Seasonal service pattern. Consulted 2026-08-30; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Historical Weather API — an aggregator of reanalysis datasets (ERA5 and similar), data licensed CC BY 4.0. Supports: Historical monthly temperature, rainfall, sunshine and daylight statistics derived from reanalysis. Consulted 2026-08-30.

Heraklion and Chania airports — official operator information. Supports: Two-airport arrival structure; Which end of the island you land on. Consulted 2026-08-30; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

KTEL — intercity bus services on Crete. Supports: North-coast bus corridor; Limits of car-free travel to the south. Consulted 2026-08-30; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Odysseus — official archaeological sites and museums. Supports: Knossos and museum status; Site opening arrangements. Consulted 2026-08-30; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

HNMS — Greek climatology. Supports: Aegean summer heat and meltemi wind character. Consulted 2026-08-30.

ELSTAT — tourism and accommodation statistics. Supports: Where monthly visitor volumes for Greek regions can be checked. Consulted 2026-08-30; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

National Park of Samaria — official park information and operating period. Supports: That the gorge has a published operating season rather than year-round access; That the park closes for weather and rockfall inside that season; Which entrances the crossing is walked from. Consulted 2026-08-31; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

National agency announcements on protected-area openings. Supports: That national-park opening is an administrative decision announced each year; Which body stands behind protected-area access on Crete. Consulted 2026-08-31; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Hellenic Heritage e-ticket — official admission and closure notices. Supports: That admission to Greek sites and museums runs through one official platform; That individual sites publish closures at short notice. Consulted 2026-08-31; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Regional analysis of inbound tourism to Greece, including a Crete report. Supports: Measured inbound demand for the Region of Crete, analysed from official series; That demand is also reported per regional unit: Chania, Rethymno, Heraklion, Lasithi; Air arrivals compiled per island group, including the Cyclades. Consulted 2026-08-31; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Travel services — border survey of non-resident travel, published by region. Supports: Measured, monthly inbound travel volume and expenditure attributed to regions; That regional demand series exist for Crete and are official rather than modelled by us. Consulted 2026-08-31; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Psiloritis UNESCO Global Geopark — designation and park information. Supports: That the central massif is a recognised geopark with its own visitor structure; That Crete's interior is a designated landscape, not only a drive between coasts. Consulted 2026-08-31.

Gorge of Samaria Biosphere Reserve. Supports: That the gorge and its catchment carry an international protection designation. Consulted 2026-08-31.

Natura 2000 sites of Crete — regional government portal. Supports: That protected sites are distributed across the whole island rather than concentrated in one corner; Which authority holds the site inventory. Consulted 2026-08-31.

Blue Flag awarded beaches, published per regional unit. Supports: That beach awards are published per Cretan regional unit and can be checked before booking; Where managed, serviced beaches are concentrated. Consulted 2026-08-31; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Piraeus port — official statistics and traffic reporting. Supports: That Crete is reachable by scheduled overnight ferry from the mainland's main port; Where mainland ferry volumes are officially reported. Consulted 2026-08-31; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Port authority announcements, including sailing bans in high winds. Supports: That Greek ferry sailings can be suspended by authority decision in strong winds; That the decision rests with the port authorities rather than with the traveller or the operator. Consulted 2026-08-31; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Bus network for the Belluno Dolomites, including Cortina and the passes. Supports: Bus coverage on the Veneto side; Seasonal pass and trailhead services. Consulted 2026-08-30; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Historical Weather API — an aggregator of reanalysis datasets (ERA5 and similar), data licensed CC BY 4.0. Supports: Historical monthly temperature, rainfall, sunshine and daylight statistics derived from reanalysis. Consulted 2026-08-30.

Trenitalia — national rail network. Supports: Rail approach to Salerno and Naples; Onward transfer structure. Consulted 2026-08-30; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

ISTAT — tourism statistics. Supports: Where monthly visitor volumes for Italian regions can be checked. Consulted 2026-08-30; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

The Dolomites (World Heritage List 1237). Supports: Natural World Heritage status; Extent of the nine constituent massifs. Consulted 2026-08-30.

Südtirolmobil — South Tyrol public transport. Supports: Valley bus and rail network; Seasonal mountain bus services. Consulted 2026-08-30; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Dolomiti Superski — lift consortium information. Supports: Winter lift operating season; Which valleys are linked by lift. Consulted 2026-08-30; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Südtirol — official regional tourism information. Supports: Hut and trail season; Valley base character; Cable-car access. Consulted 2026-08-30.

Waymarked path network, signage standards and the staffed refuge system. Supports: That the path network and its waymarking are maintained by the alpine club rather than by a tourist office; That refuges are working mountain accommodation with their own opening periods and booking. Consulted 2026-09-05.

Provincial road status, winter closures of the high passes and traffic measures. Supports: That the high passes are provincial roads closed and reopened by the road service, not by the calendar; Where current pass status and seasonal traffic measures are published. Consulted 2026-09-05; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Valley-by-valley travel information for the Trentino Dolomites. Supports: The Trentino valleys as separate destinations with their own seasons and services; Where valley-level opening periods are published. Consulted 2026-09-05.

Historical Weather API — an aggregator of reanalysis datasets (ERA5 and similar), data licensed CC BY 4.0. Supports: Historical monthly temperature, rainfall, sunshine and daylight statistics derived from reanalysis. Consulted 2026-08-30.

Road system, live road conditions and the opening of mountain roads. Supports: Route 1 as the numbered ring and how it is segmented by region; That highland F-roads have no fixed opening date and are opened route by route; Where live road status and closures are published. Consulted 2026-08-30; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Weather warnings, aurora conditions and hazard alerts. Supports: Weather warnings that close roads in winter; Aurora viewing conditions. Consulted 2026-08-30; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Keflavik international airport and traffic statistics. Supports: Keflavik as the international gateway, separate from Reykjavik's domestic airport; Published passenger traffic. Consulted 2026-08-30; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Passengers through Keflavik airport by citizenship and month. Supports: Monthly seasonality of foreign passenger volume; The limits of that series: departures through one airport, not site-level crowding. Consulted 2026-08-30; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Tourism in figures: monthly departures, purpose of visit and length of stay. Supports: Composition and trend of visitor volume by month. Consulted 2026-08-30; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Travel conditions, hazard alerts and travel plans. Supports: Active hazard alerts; That independent travel here is expected to be planned around conditions. Consulted 2026-08-30; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Driving advice and highland road types inside the park. Supports: Highland road types and condition variability; Park access constraints. Consulted 2026-08-30.

Act No. 86/2011 on Trade in Alcohol and Tobacco, and the state retail network. Supports: That alcohol retail in Iceland runs through a state monopoly with limited store locations and hours; That buying wine or beer to take away is separate from licensed restaurant and bar service. Consulted 2026-09-01; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Historical Weather API — an aggregator of reanalysis datasets (ERA5 and similar), data licensed CC BY 4.0. Supports: Historical monthly temperature, rainfall, sunshine and daylight statistics derived from reanalysis. Consulted 2026-08-30.

National meteorological service for Japan. Supports: Forecasts, typhoon and heat warnings; Rainy-season structure. Consulted 2026-08-30; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Official Japanese visitor arrival statistics. Supports: Monthly arrival seasonality; National demand pressure. Consulted 2026-08-30.

City bus and subway network in Kyoto. Supports: Bus-dependent sightseeing structure; Subway line coverage. Consulted 2026-08-30; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Rail services through Kyoto, including the Shinkansen station and local lines. Supports: Rail arrival and day-trip structure; Local line coverage. Consulted 2026-08-30; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Kansai International Airport, the main gateway for Kyoto. Supports: Arrival by rail from the airport; Traffic statistics. Consulted 2026-08-30; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

City information on visitor pressure, transport and conduct in residential districts. Supports: Visitor management measures; Bus congestion information. Consulted 2026-08-30; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Historic Monuments of Ancient Kyoto (Kyoto, Uji and Otsu Cities). Supports: Which precincts carry World Heritage designation; That the inscribed sites are spread across three cities. Consulted 2026-09-06.

Official visitor information for Kyoto, including conduct in residential districts. Supports: Conduct rules in the geisha districts; Seasonal opening and special-viewing arrangements. Consulted 2026-09-06; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Lisbon buses, historic trams, funiculars and the Santa Justa lift. Supports: Tram and funicular network; Which vehicles and routes are step-free. Consulted 2026-08-30; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Historical Weather API — an aggregator of reanalysis datasets (ERA5 and similar), data licensed CC BY 4.0. Supports: Historical monthly temperature, rainfall, sunshine and daylight statistics derived from reanalysis. Consulted 2026-08-30.

IPMA — Portuguese climate normals and warnings. Supports: Regional climate character; Coastal wind and sea conditions. Consulted 2026-08-30.

INE — tourism: guest nights by month and region. Supports: Where monthly visitor volumes for Portuguese regions can be checked. Consulted 2026-08-30; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

CP — national and regional rail services. Supports: Algarve coastal rail line; Lisbon regional lines to Sintra and Cascais. Consulted 2026-08-30; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Lisbon Airport (Humberto Delgado) — official airport information. Supports: Airport inside the city; Metro connection to the centre. Consulted 2026-08-30; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Visit Lisboa — official city tourism information. Supports: City districts; Museum and viewpoint landscape; Day-trip structure. Consulted 2026-08-30.

Metro de Lisboa — official network information. Supports: Metro coverage of the centre; Airport-to-centre connection. Consulted 2026-08-30; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Cultural Landscape of Sintra (World Heritage List 723). Supports: Sintra's designation and why it is the standard day trip. Consulted 2026-08-30.

Public transport information for Nordland, including Lofoten buses and local boats. Supports: Bus and boat coverage in Lofoten; Service frequency structure. Consulted 2026-08-30; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Historical Weather API — an aggregator of reanalysis datasets (ERA5 and similar), data licensed CC BY 4.0. Supports: Historical monthly temperature, rainfall, sunshine and daylight statistics derived from reanalysis. Consulted 2026-08-30.

Lofoten — official destination information. Supports: Village structure along the E10; Hiking and fishing-village context. Consulted 2026-08-30.

Avinor — Norwegian state airport operator (Leknes, Svolvær, Evenes). Supports: Which airports serve Lofoten; Small-airport weather sensitivity. Consulted 2026-08-30; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Torghatten Nord — ferries in Nordland. Supports: Bodø–Moskenes car ferry; Sea approach to the islands. Consulted 2026-08-30; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Norwegian Public Roads Administration — road conditions. Supports: E10 as the single road spine; Winter driving and closure context. Consulted 2026-08-30; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

MET Norway — climate and warnings. Supports: Arctic daylight cycle; Coastal wind and rapid weather change. Consulted 2026-08-30.

Statistics Norway — accommodation statistics. Supports: Where monthly visitor volumes for Nordland can be checked. Consulted 2026-08-30; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Urban and interurban bus network for Funchal and the south coast. Supports: Bus coverage from Funchal; Low-floor vehicle and route information. Consulted 2026-08-30; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Historical Weather API — an aggregator of reanalysis datasets (ERA5 and similar), data licensed CC BY 4.0. Supports: Historical monthly temperature, rainfall, sunshine and daylight statistics derived from reanalysis. Consulted 2026-08-30.

Visit Madeira — official destination information. Supports: Levada walking network; Island geography and main centres; Activity seasons. Consulted 2026-08-30.

Madeira Airport (Cristiano Ronaldo) — official airport information. Supports: Arrival point; Airport transfer options; Operational disruption context. Consulted 2026-08-30; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Laurisilva of Madeira (World Heritage List 934). Supports: Laurel forest status and protection; Why the interior is the draw. Consulted 2026-08-30.

IPMA — Portuguese climate normals and warnings. Supports: Regional climate character; Coastal wind and sea conditions. Consulted 2026-08-30.

INE — tourism: guest nights by month and region. Supports: Where monthly visitor volumes for Portuguese regions can be checked. Consulted 2026-08-30; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

IFCN — Madeira's official walking routes and trail status. Supports: Which levada and mountain routes are open; Trail closures after landslips; Protected forest access rules. Consulted 2026-09-05; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Historical Weather API — an aggregator of reanalysis datasets (ERA5 and similar), data licensed CC BY 4.0. Supports: Historical monthly temperature, rainfall, sunshine and daylight statistics derived from reanalysis. Consulted 2026-08-30.

Velana International Airport, the country's arrival point. Supports: Single-gateway arrival; Onward transfer structure. Consulted 2026-08-30; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Official tourism statistics and registered-establishment information. Supports: Monthly arrivals and bed capacity; Seasonal demand pressure. Consulted 2026-08-30.

National meteorological service for the Maldives. Supports: Monsoon structure and warnings; Marine conditions. Consulted 2026-08-30; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Public ferry network between inhabited islands and atolls. Supports: Public ferry structure between islands; Where scheduled boats reach. Consulted 2026-08-30; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Official entry information for the Maldives. Supports: Entry procedure structure; Official guidance to check. Consulted 2026-08-30; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Baa Atoll Biosphere Reserve, Maldives. Supports: Protected-reef status of a whole atoll; Why marine access is regulated there. Consulted 2026-09-05.

Protected areas and protected marine species in the Maldives. Supports: Protected marine areas and species rules; Regulated wildlife interaction. Consulted 2026-09-05; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Domestic air network between the atolls. Supports: Domestic flight structure to distant atolls; Which atolls have an airport. Consulted 2026-09-05; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Registered tourist establishments and the resort, hotel and guesthouse categories. Supports: That catering is tied to the registered establishment type, so board basis governs eating on a resort island; That alcohol and pork are confined to licensed tourist establishments rather than inhabited islands. Consulted 2026-09-01; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Historical Weather API — an aggregator of reanalysis datasets (ERA5 and similar), data licensed CC BY 4.0. Supports: Historical monthly temperature, rainfall, sunshine and daylight statistics derived from reanalysis. Consulted 2026-08-30.

Island bus, metro and rail network centred on Palma. Supports: Radial structure of the island network out of Palma; Which towns and coasts are reachable without a car; That routes and stops are adjusted through the year by notice. Consulted 2026-08-30; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Regional rail lines from Palma towards Soller, Inca and Manacor. Supports: Rail corridors available for a car-free trip; Current network and works. Consulted 2026-08-30; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Palma de Mallorca airport and published traffic statistics. Supports: Scale of arrivals through Palma; Monthly and annual passenger traffic. Consulted 2026-08-30; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Hotel occupancy survey: monthly travellers and overnight stays by island. Supports: Monthly seasonality of hotel demand on Mallorca; The limits of that data: hotels only, no day visitors or private rentals. Consulted 2026-08-30; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Spanish state meteorological agency — Balearic observations and warnings. Supports: Difference between coastal and Tramuntana mountain conditions; Warnings. Consulted 2026-08-30; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Management body for the Serra de Tramuntana World Heritage cultural landscape. Supports: Terraced landscape and dry-stone water systems; Scope of the designated area. Consulted 2026-08-30.

Cultural Landscape of the Serra de Tramuntana. Supports: World Heritage inscription of the north-west mountain landscape. Consulted 2026-08-30.

Cycle touring in Mallorca — official island tourism body. Supports: That the island authority treats road cycling as a primary product, not a side activity; The extent of roads and lanes promoted for cycling across the island; Which parts of the island cycling is promoted in, including the Tramuntana. Consulted 2026-08-31.

Pla de vies ciclistes per a l'illa de Mallorca (approved 2018, published in BOIB). Supports: Official cycling-infrastructure planning for the island road network; That reducing seasonality is a stated public objective of cycle tourism here; That several of Spain's most used cycling road stretches are on the island. Consulted 2026-08-31.

Ruta de Pedra en Sec GR 221 and the refuge reservation system. Supports: That the long-distance Tramuntana route is only partly signposted, with stretches still in project; That the mountain refuges are booked in advance through the island authority's own system; Official stage structure and the authority's own caveats about unsignposted sections. Consulted 2026-08-31; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Forest-fire risk alerts and the declared high-risk season. Supports: That a high forest-fire-risk season is declared annually across the island; That fire risk is published daily and can restrict activity in wooded and mountain areas. Consulted 2026-08-31; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Bathing-water surveillance and control programme for the Balearic Islands. Supports: That an official bathing season is defined and monitored, rather than the coast being uniform all year; Where per-beach water-quality results are published. Consulted 2026-08-31; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Palma city bus network, including the airport line. Supports: That the capital has its own city operator separate from the island network; That the airport is connected to central Palma by scheduled city bus. Consulted 2026-08-31; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Historic Palma-Soller railway and the Port de Soller tram. Supports: That the Soller line and tram are run by a separate private company, not the public rail network; That the mountain valley is reachable without a car. Consulted 2026-08-31; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Port statistics for the Balearic ports, including cruise traffic. Supports: Measured port and cruise passenger movements through Palma; That cruise arrivals are a separate demand stream from hotel stays and air arrivals. Consulted 2026-08-31; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Encuesta de Ocupacion Hotelera — monthly hotel occupancy series. Supports: Measured monthly hotel travellers and overnight stays for the Balearic Islands; The national survey behind the island-level figures. Consulted 2026-08-31; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Nights spent at tourist accommodation establishments by NUTS 2 region. Supports: Measured monthly accommodation nights for the Balearic Islands region; A comparable European series for judging how concentrated the season is. Consulted 2026-08-31; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Protected natural areas of the Balearic Islands, including Parc natural de Mondrago. Supports: That parts of the southern and south-eastern coast are designated natural parks rather than resort coast; That access and facilities inside those parks are managed rather than developed. Consulted 2026-09-05.

Union register entries for protected food and drink names. Supports: That a named local speciality is registered as a protected designation of origin or protected geographical indication; That its production area and method are defined in a legal specification rather than by marketing. Consulted 2026-09-01.

National register of protected designations of origin and geographical indications. Supports: Which Spanish food and wine names are legally protected and which body regulates them; The production zone attached to each protected name. Consulted 2026-09-01.

Historical Weather API — an aggregator of reanalysis datasets (ERA5 and similar), data licensed CC BY 4.0. Supports: Historical monthly temperature, rainfall, sunshine and daylight statistics derived from reanalysis. Consulted 2026-08-30.

Trenitalia — national rail network. Supports: Rail approach to Salerno and Naples; Onward transfer structure. Consulted 2026-08-30; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

ISTAT — tourism statistics. Supports: Where monthly visitor volumes for Italian regions can be checked. Consulted 2026-08-30; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Ticketing and visitor management for the Colosseum archaeological park. Supports: Timed-entry structure at major sites; Visitor management. Consulted 2026-08-30; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Rome's metro, tram and bus network. Supports: Metro line structure; Surface transport coverage. Consulted 2026-08-30; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Fiumicino and Ciampino airports. Supports: Two-airport arrival structure; Rail link from Fiumicino. Consulted 2026-08-30; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Official city tourism information for Rome. Supports: Site access and opening information; Area information. Consulted 2026-08-30; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Regional rail from Rome to the coast, Ostia and the hill towns. Supports: Regional rail reach from the city; Day-trip structure without a car. Consulted 2026-09-06; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

The Appian Way regional park. Supports: Protected status of the ancient road corridor; Access and opening arrangements. Consulted 2026-09-06; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Visitor access and booking structure for the Vatican Museums. Supports: Booked-entry structure; Visitor management. Consulted 2026-08-30; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Hellenic Heritage e-ticket — official admission and closure notices. Supports: That admission to Greek sites and museums runs through one official platform; That individual sites publish closures at short notice. Consulted 2026-08-31; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Historical Weather API — an aggregator of reanalysis datasets (ERA5 and similar), data licensed CC BY 4.0. Supports: Historical monthly temperature, rainfall, sunshine and daylight statistics derived from reanalysis. Consulted 2026-08-30.

Odysseus — official archaeological sites and museums. Supports: Knossos and museum status; Site opening arrangements. Consulted 2026-08-30; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

HNMS — Greek climatology. Supports: Aegean summer heat and meltemi wind character. Consulted 2026-08-30.

ELSTAT — tourism and accommodation statistics. Supports: Where monthly visitor volumes for Greek regions can be checked. Consulted 2026-08-30; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Santorini airport and published air traffic statistics. Supports: Measured monthly air passenger volumes; Seasonality of air arrivals. Consulted 2026-08-30; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Santorini ports: Athinios ferry port and cruise berthing policy. Supports: Athinios as the island's scheduled ferry and vehicle port; That cruise arrivals are allocated through a published berthing policy; Old-port tender arrangements below Fira. Consulted 2026-08-30; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Island bus network radiating from the Fira terminal. Supports: Hub-and-spoke bus structure through Fira; That village-to-village travel is routed back through the hub; Seasonal difference between summer and winter operation. Consulted 2026-08-30; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Hellenic Heritage e-ticket — official admission and closure notices. Supports: That admission to Greek sites and museums runs through one official platform; That individual sites publish closures at short notice. Consulted 2026-08-31; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Regional analysis of inbound tourism to Greece, including a Crete report. Supports: Measured inbound demand for the Region of Crete, analysed from official series; That demand is also reported per regional unit: Chania, Rethymno, Heraklion, Lasithi; Air arrivals compiled per island group, including the Cyclades. Consulted 2026-08-31; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Travel services — border survey of non-resident travel, published by region. Supports: Measured, monthly inbound travel volume and expenditure attributed to regions; That regional demand series exist for Crete and are official rather than modelled by us. Consulted 2026-08-31; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Blue Flag awarded beaches, published per regional unit. Supports: That beach awards are published per Cretan regional unit and can be checked before booking; Where managed, serviced beaches are concentrated. Consulted 2026-08-31; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Piraeus port — official statistics and traffic reporting. Supports: That Crete is reachable by scheduled overnight ferry from the mainland's main port; Where mainland ferry volumes are officially reported. Consulted 2026-08-31; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Cruise-ship berthing policy — official decision of the competent port authority. Supports: That cruise calls at this island are allocated by an official published policy rather than arriving freely; That the policy is framed around the destination's capacity to absorb arrivals; Which authority settles cruise arrangements, anchorage and the old-port ascent. Consulted 2026-08-31; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Opening hours and admission for Cycladic sites and museums, issued per season. Supports: That the archaeological sites on this island run on separately issued summer and non-summer arrangements; Which authority stands behind admission and closures at Akrotiri and Ancient Thera. Consulted 2026-08-31; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Monitoring of the Santorini volcano — network and status information. Supports: That the volcano is an actively monitored system with a dedicated institution behind it; That statements about volcanic or seismic status belong to that institution and not to us. Consulted 2026-08-31; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Port authority announcements, including sailing bans in high winds. Supports: That Greek ferry sailings can be suspended by authority decision in strong winds; That the decision rests with the port authorities rather than with the traveller or the operator. Consulted 2026-08-31; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Union register entry for the Santorini protected designation of origin. Supports: That the island's wine carries a registered protected designation of origin with a legal specification; That the permitted grape varieties and the production zone are defined in law, not by marketing. Consulted 2026-08-31.

Historical Weather API — an aggregator of reanalysis datasets (ERA5 and similar), data licensed CC BY 4.0. Supports: Historical monthly temperature, rainfall, sunshine and daylight statistics derived from reanalysis. Consulted 2026-08-30.

Trenitalia — national rail network. Supports: Rail approach to Salerno and Naples; Onward transfer structure. Consulted 2026-08-30; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

ISTAT — tourism statistics. Supports: Where monthly visitor volumes for Italian regions can be checked. Consulted 2026-08-30; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Palermo Falcone Borsellino airport. Supports: Western Sicily arrival; Traffic statistics. Consulted 2026-08-30; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Catania Fontanarossa airport. Supports: Eastern Sicily arrival; Traffic statistics. Consulted 2026-08-30; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Long-distance coach services between Sicilian cities. Supports: Intercity coach corridors; Where coaches beat the train. Consulted 2026-08-30; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Etna regional park: access roads, altitude zones and visitor regulation. Supports: Volcano access structure; Seasonal and safety regulation. Consulted 2026-08-30; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Union register entries for protected food and drink names. Supports: That a named local speciality is registered as a protected designation of origin or protected geographical indication; That its production area and method are defined in a legal specification rather than by marketing. Consulted 2026-09-01.

Historical Weather API — an aggregator of reanalysis datasets (ERA5 and similar), data licensed CC BY 4.0. Supports: Historical monthly temperature, rainfall, sunshine and daylight statistics derived from reanalysis. Consulted 2026-08-30.

Spanish state meteorological agency — Balearic observations and warnings. Supports: Difference between coastal and Tramuntana mountain conditions; Warnings. Consulted 2026-08-30; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Island bus network across Tenerife, including the Teide and north-coast routes. Supports: Bus coverage between coasts; Mountain and rural route structure. Consulted 2026-08-30; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Tenerife's two commercial airports, Tenerife Sur and Tenerife Norte. Supports: Two-airport arrival structure; Monthly air traffic statistics. Consulted 2026-08-30; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Teide National Park: access, permits and visitor regulation. Supports: Summit access regulation; Park road and visitor rules. Consulted 2026-08-30; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Canary Islands tourism and accommodation statistics. Supports: Seasonal accommodation pressure at island level; Arrivals by month. Consulted 2026-08-30.

Official island tourism authority for Tenerife. Supports: Area and activity information; Seasonal opening information. Consulted 2026-08-30; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Official island trail network: signposted routes, grades and closures. Supports: Which walking routes are official and signposted; Trail closures and condition notices. Consulted 2026-08-31; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Parque Rural de Anaga: protected laurel-forest massif in the north-east. Supports: Protected status and access rules in Anaga; Laurel-forest walking structure. Consulted 2026-08-31.

Macizo de Anaga Biosphere Reserve. Supports: International designation of the Anaga massif. Consulted 2026-08-31.

San Cristóbal de La Laguna, World Heritage town plan. Supports: Why the northern plateau town is a cultural destination in itself. Consulted 2026-08-31.

Teide National Park, World Heritage natural property. Supports: International recognition of the high volcanic centre. Consulted 2026-08-31.

National park reservation system used for the regulated Teide peak access. Supports: Advance permit requirement for the final ascent. Consulted 2026-08-31; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Tram between Santa Cruz and La Laguna. Supports: Car-free movement on the north-eastern plateau corridor. Consulted 2026-08-31; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

High-altitude atmospheric observation above the Tenerife cloud layer. Supports: That the island's high centre is a separate atmospheric environment; Observation above the trade-wind inversion. Consulted 2026-08-31.

Port traffic statistics and inter-island ferry terminals. Supports: Monthly passenger and cruise movements; Inter-island ferry structure. Consulted 2026-08-31.

Island road authority: current road status and closures. Supports: Mountain and ridge road closures; Road status rather than fixed patterns. Consulted 2026-08-31; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Union register entries for protected food and drink names. Supports: That a named local speciality is registered as a protected designation of origin or protected geographical indication; That its production area and method are defined in a legal specification rather than by marketing. Consulted 2026-09-01.

National register of protected designations of origin and geographical indications. Supports: Which Spanish food and wine names are legally protected and which body regulates them; The production zone attached to each protected name. Consulted 2026-09-01.

Canary Islands quality food and wine designations. Supports: The Canary protected designations for old potato varieties, gofio and island wines; Which wine denominations of origin lie on Tenerife. Consulted 2026-09-01.

Decree 83/2013 regulating temporary sale of own-harvest wine and the premises where it takes place. Supports: That the guachinche is a regulated, time-limited own-harvest sales activity, not a restaurant category; That the format is tied to a producer's own wine and premises. Consulted 2026-09-01.

Historical Weather API — an aggregator of reanalysis datasets (ERA5 and similar), data licensed CC BY 4.0. Supports: Historical monthly temperature, rainfall, sunshine and daylight statistics derived from reanalysis. Consulted 2026-08-30.

Subway network across central Tokyo. Supports: Subway network structure; Station access and interchange. Consulted 2026-08-30; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Official Tokyo visitor information, including district guides and garden opening arrangements. Supports: Which districts the city itself presents as separate centres; Garden, museum and observation-deck opening arrangements. Consulted 2026-09-06; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Official Mount Fuji climbing season, trail opening and access rules. Supports: That the mountain is climbable only within a short published summer season; That trail and road access is regulated rather than open. Consulted 2026-09-06; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Yamanote line and regional rail serving Tokyo. Supports: Loop-line city structure; Regional and Shinkansen connections. Consulted 2026-08-30; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Tokyo's two international airports. Supports: Two-airport arrival structure; Rail transfer options. Consulted 2026-08-30; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

National meteorological service for Japan. Supports: Forecasts, typhoon and heat warnings; Rainy-season structure. Consulted 2026-08-30; time-sensitive detail not reproduced here.

Official Japanese visitor arrival statistics. Supports: Monthly arrival seasonality; National demand pressure. Consulted 2026-08-30.